10 Titanic Prehistoric Animals

Effect of Terrorism on Pakistan Economy - 5798 Words

ECONOMIC COST OF TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Arshad Ali * The world is currently confronting terrorism in different manifestations. After the 9/11 terrorist events, the phenomenon of terrorism has abruptly changed the socioeconomic and geopolitical situation of the world. Terrorist groups have linkages with each other and are utilising each other‟s areas for recruitment and training, exchanging illegal weapons, engaging in joint planning and ventures, and also providing administrative and other logistic support. Pakistan is also facing the menace of terrorism which is eroding the country‟s social structure, economic development and political system. The acts of terrorism are threatening Pakistan‟s law and order situation,†¦show more content†¦Humanitarian aid. Conflict affectees, IDPs and refugees. Fiscal costs. Including the impact on revenue and programmes for growth and to rebuild society. Economic costs. Reduced investment, flight of capital and lower growth rate. Social costs. The impact on living standards, including health, education and wider aspects of vulnerability, taking into account the fact that conflict often harms the poor most. Cultural costs. and long-lasting. Impact on social conventions and structures, which is often severe Source: â€Å"Estimating Conflict Cost: The Case of North West Frontier Province and Pakistan (Draft for Discussion)†, cppr.edu.pk/download/Estimating%20Conflict%20Cost%20-2009-08-20.pdf There are some other factors as well which must be taken into account, including compensation to the aggrieved parties and destroyed private infrastructure and expenses. Moreover, the cost of dislocation of population and missed opportunities, along with the psychosocial cost, trauma, loss of loved ones and mental illness must also be factored in such cost assessments. Consequences of terrorism The burden on a State managing a terrorism problem may be enormous, serious and unmanageable and has severe consequences on its economic outlook. Nevertheless, some of the economic consequences of terrorism are tabled below: Economic Dimension Economic growth. Effect Negative, sometimes falls dramatically. Exports.Show MoreRelatedImpact of Terrorism in Pakistan1628 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Terrorism in Pakistan In lieu of unlawful violence to inculcate fear and increase coercion, terrorism has become a trending topic in the world today. Pakistan, a country in South Asia bordered by Afghanistan and India has been a country worthy of speculation due to the rate of terrorism and tribal wars that have quickly taken over the country. The sporadic effects of these attacks have begun to shatter what used to be one of Asia’s fastest growing economies. Impact on GDP Pakistan’sRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Into Pakistan977 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Causes of Foreign direct investment into Pakistan. Aim and objectives: The dissertation topic will focus on the importance of foreign direct investment into Pakistan’s Economy and will also focus around the causes of foreign direct investment. The report will look into three different perspectives such as, the effects on FDI pre and post 9/11, investment in different sectors of industry and the importance of investing countries in terms of contributing towards developing Pakistan’s infrastructureRead MoreFuture Of Terrorism And Its Future Prospects Within Pakistan1598 Words   |  7 PagesFUTURE OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN 1. The threat of terrorism which existed prior to 9/11 got accentuated and transformed into a potent, dynamic and multi-dimensional phenomenon. As of today, few countries in the world are threatened by such diverse forms and manifestations of terrorism as we are; both in the present and futuristic context. There are external influences and there are internal dissentions. While the vested interests of the regional and global players denote one facet, the socio-politicalRead MoreEconomic Impact of 9/11 on Pakistan966 Words   |  4 PagesECONOMIC IMPACT OF 9/11 ON PAKISTAN Nine years down 9/11, we note that three countries Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan bore the brunt of the aftermath of the dastardly deed. Destruction and mayhem resulting from the occupation of Iraq has regressed it from a booming oil economy into a hotbed of terror attacks. Then Afghanistan, which was already reeling under the impact of the after effects of the Soviet invasion and tribal wars for supremacy, has retrogressed further after the US-led invasion. TheRead MoreThe Impact of Global Terrorism Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction At the moment, terrorism is happening all over the globe ranging from the Middle East to Europe and Latin America and every part of the world. It is now a day to day act happening to innocent citizens of their countries. Terrorism can be caused by quite a number of factors that can affect the activity of terrorism, for example politics is a very good example of factors the can possibly cause a group of people to terrorize against another party or even rebel against their own countryRead MorePolitical Stability1116 Words   |  5 PagesInstability Summary: Political instability has become a huge and serious problem for both developing and underdeveloped countries. Pakistan is also in one of these countries which is facing the problem of political instability. The instability of government, inefficiency of political parties and a weak political culture make Pakistan a politically instable state. Political stability is important for keeping the society integrated, maintaining legitimacy, economic development andRead MoreThe Soviet Withdrawal From Afghanistan1224 Words   |  5 Pagesand urban economy. The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 created predation by commanders and smuggling into Pakistan because of this high risk environment peasants had to adapt. The Taliban was created by Afghan and Pakistan religious leaders to benefit from social capital because of commanders imposed heavy costs on trades between Pakistan and Afghanistan (Rubin, 2000, p. 1791). Since the reign of the Taliban and constant conflict, Afghanistan has yet to establish a stable economy and functionalRead MoreWhat Is The Role Of Chinas Role In South Asia?1417 Words   |  6 Pagescontinue to provide counterinsurgency assistance to countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan. China should however be pushed for broad based and multi-lateral engagements with other nations so as to achieve equitable and long term solution to the existing crisis. This will give the international community the opportunity to involve China in the peace initiatives in vogue. 4. Rivalry between India and Pakistan has had a disruptive effect on the region as it has fuelled the rise of Islamic fundamentalismRead MoreEffect of Event 9/11 on Pakistans Domestic Policies2482 Words   |  10 PagesPAKISTAN’S ECONOMY Dated: 29-04-2010 Executive Summary After 9/11 the challenges and allegations of supporting the militants imposed great affects on the security of the Pakistan. From welfare state Pakistan transformed into a security concern state which caused our military to mobilize. Post US and foreign aid caused the Economy to survive temporarily but it was only for temporary and end day situation was worst then day one. On political front the collaboration between Pakistan and NATO solidifiedRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism On The United States897 Words   |  4 Pagesincrease numbers of terrorism. Countries around the world are becoming more in favor of securing their border and bring in less and less immigrants. This sentiment has been gradually increasing over the years. However, one country government openly welcomed Syrian refugees and that nation is Germany. S. Akbarzadeh, and D. Conduit, (2016) state that more than 4.8 million refugees are living outside Syria, and many more are displaced in the country. Many countries n ow realize the effect the war has had

Factors That Affect The Student s Learning And Achievement

As teachers, we face different situations on a student’s lives. Our role expands much more than just reading a book and guiding the students to make predictions or connections. Part of our role functions as parents, counselor, dentist, doctor and friend. Neither to say, we spend at least 40 hours a week with the student, meaning it is crucial to know the students’ background, environment and its needs. Socioeconomic status, diversity of culture and race, standards, and family involvement are some of them and are a crucial part of the students’ growth and success in school. During this week learning, I have learned that these factors affect the student’s learning and achievement. Based on the effective literacy practices Reutzel, D. R., Cooter, R, D. (2015), the teachers needs to know and follow the seven pillars of effective reading instructions in order to achieve gaps and the student become proficient. As a Spanish immersion teacher, one of my goal s is to help the students become successful with the transition of learning another language and being able to comprehend. Therefore, to help the student achieve success I need to make sure to have authentic scenarios and understand the situation they are coming form be willing to help them no matter the situation, part of my job is to care for each and one of them. As I research for effective literacy practices, I found an article about the appropriate development for early childhood students. Since I am a firstShow MoreRelatedPowerpoint. Slide 2:. What Is Socio-Economic Status (Ses)?.1543 Words   |  7 Pagessocial status’ within society and what has affected the individuals that has led them to qualify for a particular quintile. Some of the factors that affect how socio-economic status is assessed includes an individuals income, education completion levels, occupation, wealth, health, and cultural background. In relation to implications for school and learning, according to Connell et al. (2013), ‘young people whose families experience socio-economic hardship, or some other form of marginalisationRead MoreImpact Of Seating Locations On Student Learning Motivation1692 Words   |  7 PagesLocations on Student Learning Motivation Although the access to different resources and increased monitoring provided by sitting at the front of the class pose students with a different environment than those sitting near the back of the class, student learning motivation and personalities traits play a big role in achievement and involvement in the learning experience (Burda Brooks, 1996; Edwards, 2000). It may be that students with higher motivation levels and a deeper interest in learning choose toRead MoreChildren Of A Child s Life1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe People in a Child’s Life who Influence Learning the Most The human brain is most vulnerable to change throughout the early years of a person’s life due to its development. The people that enter a child’s life can alter their attitude and their effort later on. Most importantly, the skills that they are taught can stick with them until the day they die. Most people in a child’s life affect them in some miniscule way and although children never realize it, some people are more crucial to theirRead MoreImportance of School Plant to the Teaching-Learning Process1505 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This paper examines school plant and its importance to teaching and learning in the school system. It begins with a brief overview of school plant and relates it to educational planning. It then examines school plant as a concept and explains the teaching learning process. Five (5) importance of school plant are then explained. The paper ends with a conclusion highlighting the main points of the paper. INTRODUCTION It has been observed that many schools are now paying more attentionRead MoreRelationship Between The Big Five Personality Traits And Academic Motivation1136 Words   |  5 Pagesis explained about the different learning styles, ways of achievement, and thinking patterns each individual has, but the main focus of it is on the academic motivation of the individual in predicting success. The article compares this with the big five personality traits, which are: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. The importance of this article was to see how a certain academic environment could affect a students’ learning experience or motivation to succeedRead MoreHigh Levels Of Competitiveness And Hyper Competitiveness1119 Words   |  5 PagesThornton, Ryckman, and Gold (2011) theorize that high levels of competitiveness or hyper-competitiveness would have a significant influence over achievement striving and impatience and irritability. It was further hypothesized that personal development competitiveness would be correlated with achievement striving but not with impatience or irritability. Hyper-competitiveness was defined as competitiveness with others while personal development competitiveness was correlated with competing with oneselfRead MoreThe Importance Of Education In Education1549 Words   |  7 Pagesbig role in a child’s education. But how does that differ from students of different socioeconomic status? â€Å"Middle-class children gain advantages, including potential benefits in the world of work, from the experience of concerted cultivation† (Lareau 1). the lower class starts their academic career unequally compared to middle and upper class. Teachers need to realize that the student plays a role in their education as they do, students are not just passive recipients of knowledge. Whether its help-seekingRead MoreA Child s Education Is Vital991 Words   |  4 Pagesfor children to have greater achie vement. It s even more important to note that forty percent of the poor, in the United States, are children (Stevenson, 1997). Knowing this is the reason that finding solutions and studying the effects of parent involvement, both at school and at home, can have on a child’s education is vital. This paper will discuss how poverty is viewed and some of the disadvantages they face, discuss factors that contribute to a child’s learning, parent involvement among middleRead MoreLeadership And The Development Collaboration1146 Words   |  5 Pagescritical factor. Communication is a two way interaction of listening and speaking in turn. One speaks while the other listens for true comprehension is a key factor. One must get an understanding before the vision can be implemented within any leadership role. The presence of collaboration in schools are the result of principals, educators, parents, and administrative leadership in working as a team. The purpose of this essay is to explain the importance of teacher leadership, the principal s role inRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing And The Turn Is Not Well Received1152 Words   |  5 Pagesmany trend changes over years. The current trend in education is mainly focused on accountability through assessment, such as standardized tests. There are many defining factors and elements that are articulated in the realm of standardized testing. Some of these factors are academic shift from learning to accountability in learning, test data, the problems that plague education and schools related to standardized tests, and the possible solutions for them. Education has gone from standardized testing

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution...

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution The majority of the people are with us. The majority of the working and oppressed people all over the world are with us. Ours is the cause of justice. Our victory is assured.1 October was a classic coup dà ©tat, the capture of governmental power by a small minority, carried out-without mass engagement.2 The October Revolution was perhaps the most momentous event of the twentieth century. It led to the creation of the Soviet Union, the first avowedly Communist nation in history, which was to become a global superpower, an inspiration to many, an object of the hatred of many more. Possibly more important was the role the memory of the October Revolution played in the†¦show more content†¦The October Revolution was interpreted quite differently by those hostile to the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union. In their ‘top-down histories of the Russian Revolution- the common people appeared as the passive objects of the evil machinations of the Bolsheviks.4 The Bolsheviks cynically adopted populist and anarchist slogans in order to recruit the masses as foot soldiers in their own quest for power. If any apparent support for the October Revolution was seen among the masses, it was the product of ignorance, skilled propaganda and a supple improvisation by the Bolsheviks th emselves, who transformed their elite operation into a temporary mass organization5 to seduce the Russian masses. The ‘socialist reality of October was imaginary, and the Revolution itself was an amateur police operation masked with expert propaganda to give an appearance of proletarian legitimacy6 Both of these interpretations are heavily politicized. The formers purpose was to establish the legitimacy of the Soviet Union as the genuine embodiment of the will of the Russian Proletariat, the authentic Peoples State. The latter was meant to strip the USSR of that legitimacy and expose the oppressive and unpopular dictatorship that ruled the country with an iron fist. As is not uncommon in such situations, both of these interpretationsShow MoreRelatedHope in The Nineteenth Century in Europe1598 Words   |  6 Pageswere ideas of democracy and no kings began to emerge and series of revolutions began. All of this was a cause of the French Revolution that had just taken place at the end of the Eighteenth Century and that event showed for one of the first times that a monarch could be over thrown and the common people such as peasants could have a say in the government. Even though Napoleon took control of the government in France after the revolution he still did not have the ro le as a king and did not possess allRead MoreWas the Provisional Government Doomed from the Beginning? a Russian Revolution5087 Words   |  21 PagesChapter 3: Intentionalist response P 9 – 12 †¢ Conclusion P 13 †¢ Bibliography P 14 †¢ Annotated Bibliography P 15 - 16 Was the Provisional Government doomed from the beginning? After the February revolution on 1917 which saw the abdication of the Tsar, Russia was in turmoil. It had gone (in a matter of days) from being one of the most repressed countries in the world to being totally free with nobody in any real position of power or authority, andRead MoreThe Revolution Of The 1905 Revolution Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nickname â€Å"Nicholas the Bloody† (Khrustalev and M. Steinberg 25). The Russian people no longer felt safe under the tsar’s rule. With more instances of brutality accumulating on top of one another, the 1905 Revolution was inevitable. Albeit the violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, in the end it was regarded by revolutionaries as semi-successful. Nicholas II agreed to the institution of the State Duma, a limited form of representative democracy, citing it as â€Å"the revival of a custom andRead MoreThe Russian Revolution And The Revolution1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe Russian Revolution was a series of two revolutions that consisted of the February Revolution and the October Revolution. The February Revolution of March 8th, 1917 was a revolution targeted and successfully removed Czar Nicholas II from power. The February Revolution first began to take place when strikes and public protests between 1916 and early 1917 started occurring. These strikes were created to protest against and to blame Czar Nicholas II for Russia’s poor performance in WWI and severeRead MoreThe Role of the Bolsheviks for the Decline and Fall of the Romanov Dynasty.2091 Words   |  9 PagesModern History Research Essay: The Russian Revolution (Task 1) Assess the role of the Bolsheviks for the decline and fall of the Romanov dynasty. The beginning of the 20th century brought radical changes to the social and political structure of autocratic Russia. It was a period of regression, reform, revolution and eradication. Eradication of a blood line that had remained in rule for over 300 years; the Romanov Dynasty. The central figure of this eradication was Tsar Nicholas II, often describedRead MoreLenins Rule and Effect on USSR Essay2006 Words   |  9 Pagesseen as the leader of Russia under the Bolshevik party, we must see Lenin as an opportunist. He was ruthless in all of his dealings, and capitalised on every opportunity that came knocking. He used the conditions in Russia at the time, namely the fear and despair created by Germany in WWI. Bolshevik slogans such as â€Å"Peace, Bread, Land† (Welles ,O. Ten days that shook the world [Video]) soon became popular, and before long, the Bolsheviks had gained widespread support withinRead More Comparing the Ideology of Lenin and Stalin Essay4159 Words   |  17 Pagesideology. Imperial Russia was based upon autocratic absolutism for over 400 years. Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, a new era dawned upon Russia. For the next 36 years she would be in the hands of two men that would attempt to apply a new, vastly different creed in ruling and transforming this country. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, as the leader of the Bolshevik party, ruled Russia from October 1917 till his death in January 1924. He was succeeded by Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, who alsoRead MoreVoltaire s View Of Oppression From The Authority1417 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease were rejected in the field of medicine, even by the authorial and influential pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Suffered from the oppression of the authorities, consequently, he was taken to a mental hospital and died there. (Britannica, 2011) The tragedy of Semmelweis is regretted by his descendants. However, the contemporary techniques and knowledge of that time could not catch up the idea for it is so advanced. Many theories concerning puerperal fever were raised after this event. Semmelweis isRead MoreDiscussion on Whether Stalin Was a Necessary Evil Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagesfinal and perfect stage of human history would be communism. In Russia the government was essentially feudal, the majority of the population were peasants, and capitalism was in its infancy. Lenin realised that in order to bring about revolution Marxism would have to be adopted to suit these conditions. Lenin developed the argument that the economic resources that imperialism provided were used to buy off workers in capitalist countries by improving working and living Read More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 Pagesface=3gt;THE AUTHOR: GEORGE ORWELLPresentationThis chapter introduces general information about George Orwells life. It includes chronological progress of his life and his political convictions. Furthermore, important events, such as The Russian Revolution and The Spanish Civil War which had significant influence on his commitment to write Animal Farm will be discussed. Lastly, general information about Animal Farm will be given.His LifeThe British author George Orwell, pen name of Eric Arthur Blair

Turnitin Hypocrisy of Its Own Free Essays

Over the centuries, teachers and professors all have had a problem with academic dishonesty. The advancement in technology has made plagiarizing so much easier, and because of this, many professors have resorted to using software programs which detects any sort of plagiarism. One popular program many professors are enforcing their students to use is Turnitin. We will write a custom essay sample on Turnitin: Hypocrisy of Its Own or any similar topic only for you Order Now com. When a paper is submitted into Turnitin, the program compares it to previous submitted essays saved in its database and the content available on the internet.However, in recent years, there has been much controversy between the ethics of Turnitin and student’s rights. According to Merriam-Webster, plagiarizing is defined as, â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own, without crediting the source† (1). Whenever a thought comes to mind, it is highly unlikely the first time the person has encountered this â€Å"newfound† idea. Books, classes, and conversations with others integrate and become an essential part of the thought process and the fine line between plagiarism and thought becomes slightly unclear.Every class a student takes focus on the concept of when using another’s work, you must always give credit to the owner; otherwise, you have committed plagiarism. The focus on crediting becomes stricter as students take higher level classes as they prepare for and enter the real world. Although students know that cheating has heavy consequences—receiving an F in the course, or worse, expulsion from school—some may take the risk if they believe that the benefit of receiving a higher grade may outweigh the potential consequences.Plagiarism had been limited by availability of information in newspapers, books, or libraries in the past. Today, with the advancement in technology, students now have access to the internet which contains a wealth of limitless information, making plagiarism ev er so easy, one-click-away. Because of this, many professors have felt the need to be proactive and fight back with technology in order to prevent plagiarism. One popular plagiarizing detection program many schools and universities are using is Turnitin. com.As soon as a student submits an electronic copy of their work, the website compares it with resources found online and files from its extensive database and produces an originality report. Teachers believe that anti-plagiarizing software programs such as Turnitin is a way to deter and, possibly, catch students if they plagiarized Conversely, Turnitin is a major contradiction itself. In Bill Walsh’s article, â€Å"Expect, but Respect, Original Work by Students,† he points out the hypocrisy of Turnitin lies in what it is presumably trying to prevent and teach.He states that Turnitin, â€Å"is actually infringing on the students’ intellectual property, making money from it, and violating the very copyright laws Turnitin is supposed to be protecting† (Walsh 568). Every time a paper is submitted into Turnitin, the student unknowingly fuels its database and helps the website run more efficiently. In order to make a database, Turnitin has to save a copy of the student’s intellectual work; if the student has not given authorization, then Turnitin, hypocritically, is potentially violating copyright infringement laws.Without the extensive database of submitted papers, Turnitin will be merely just a simple search engine such as Google. Every single paper that is submitted to the site gets added to the database increases the value of their product and what they have to offer. The website asserts complete ownership and access to every paper and assignment that is submitted in to their site; this allows the company to generate a revenue of â€Å"tens of millions of dollars annually† (Walsh 568) without giving the authors any compensation or credit.Without giving any credit or compensation to the owners of that intellectual property, Turnitin has contradicted its business model and has become its own hypocrite. Besides academic learning, education also teaches students about the value of academic integrity. Donald L. McCabe explains in his essay that, â€Å"integrity cannot be divided†¦ college teaches values to students by the standards they set for themselves†( McCabe 575). Since childhood, students are instilled with the negative connotation associated with cheating.They learn that it is unfair to other students around and there are heavy consequences which can include failing the course, or worse, expulsion from the school. Students also learn that when they cheat, they often they not only end up cheating themselves out of a learning experience, but they also lose their sense of academic integrity as well as their professor’s trust. However, when professors enforce their students to use Turnitin, a program that is clearly is its own hypocrite, they devalue academic integrity.When the education system place so much emphasis on the importance of academic honesty and then enforces students to use Turnitin, a business built on a foundation of the usage of unauthorized work of students, they show students that they support a business which goes against the very standards in which they value. The author suggests that, â€Å"its time to abandon [their] almost exclusive reliance on deterrence and punishment and to look at the issue of academic dishonesty as an educational opportunity as well† (McCabe 576). When professors and schools force students to use programs such as Turnitin, they are clearly sending out a message which states, â€Å"guilty-until-proven-innocent. † By asking students to use Turnitin, professors are assuming that most students are going to cheat and plagiarize their papers in some way and it creates a â€Å"culture of mistrust, a culture of guilt† (Rawe 570). Ethics in education should always include a magnitude of trust, so when professors presume students to all have plagiarized until a software program proves otherwise, it violates this code.This not only creates a feeling of mistrust amongst students and professors, this also goes against our American rights—innocent until proven guilty. Instead of using anti-plagiarizing programs such as Turnitin to catch or discourage students from cheating, schools should focus more on the ethics in academic integrity, and possibly expand the â€Å"honor code by obligating students to take action of th ey observe or hear about cheating†(Rawe 570); by doing so will ensue an ethical education formally based upon academic integrity.Plagiarism is a behavior of academic misconduct that violates the importance of academic integrity and definitely should not be acceptable. Many schools have resorted to using Turnitin as a convenient way to prevent and detect plagiarism. However, when schools decide to use a program that uses student’s intellectual work in order to make a hefty profit without offering compensation, permission, or acknowledgment to the student, they support a company which goes against all of the fundamental elements they have tried protect and instill into the education system regarding academic integrity.And when schools still choose to sacrifice student intellectual property in order to prevent plagiarism, the trust code between professors and students becomes violated, and academic integrity will cease to exist.Works Cited 1. â€Å"Plagiarizing. †Ã‚  Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/plagiarizing? show=0;t=1284692767(14 Sept. 2010). 2. Walsh, Bill. â€Å"Expect, but Respect, Original Work by How to cite Turnitin: Hypocrisy of Its Own, Papers

The Negative Effects Of Nuclear Energy Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper In 1950, the first commercial atomic power workss were constructed. The populace was promised a non-polluting and resourceful type of energy, but how safe was, and is, atomic energy? Although there are less than 500 accredited atomic power workss in the universe, many atomic accidents have already been jeopardizing civilian lives. More serious accidents are non merely likely, but inevitable ( Fairchild 29 ) . Nuclear energy may look to be the ideal beginning of energy for the hereafter: nevertheless, there are many negative effects of atomic energy that can take to really unsafe state of affairss. Energy has ever been among the basic homo concerns, along with nutrient and shelter. It takes portion in all activities, from walking to the operation of even the most complicated equipment. World has been faced with the challenge of run intoing its energy demands without put on the lining human wellness and the environment. The many types of energy are mechanical, thermic, chemical, electrical, beaming, and atomic ( Microsoft Encarta ) . In 1987, oil supplied 32 % of the energy worldwide. Coal was following in line with 26 % , so natural gas with 17 % , biomass 15 % , and atomic energy with merely 4 % ( Galperin 19 ) . With the chief beginnings of our energy running low, states look to new beginnings to supply our society with power. Nuclear energy, the newest type of energy, was researched to see if it would be the most assuring type of energy for the hereafter. Surprisingly, atomic energy was discovered by accident. In 1896, the Gallic scientist, Antoine Henri Becquerel, conducted an experiment with U salts and found that these salts gave off their ain visible radiation when exposed to sunlight. Marie and Pierre Curie were fascinated by the possibilities of Becquerel? s beams. The Curies discovered precisely what the beams were and so named the phenomenon radiation ( Halacy 6 ) . During World War II, many scientists from around the universe came to the United States to work on atomic reactors and arms. With much success, they continued after World War II and concentrated more on atomic energy. The scientists immediately saw that atomic energy would be a great beginning of power because of the sum of power it released. Dividing an sum of uranium equal to one penny would bring forth as much energy as seven and a half dozenss of coal ( Lilienthal 85 ) . A atomic power works is where energy is formed when atomic fission or merger takes topographic point. So far, nevertheless, merely the power of fission has been controlled and used for energy. There are many parts of the atomic power works, including the reactor, generator, control room, chilling systems, and the electrical, air, and H2O lines. The bosom of the atomic power works is its reactor nucleus, which contains a few hundred fuel assemblies. The reactor nucleus is encased in a pressured steel armored combat vehicle with walls several inches thick. In most reactors, this vas is enclosed in a containment construction. This is a steel-reinforced concrete dome that is about three pess thick and serves as the outermost barrier between the works and the environment around it. This helps forestall radiation from get awaying the works ( Galperin 42 ) . There are many different types of atomic reactors, but all the power workss in the United States and more than three-fourthss of those worldwide are light-water reactors. There are two types of light-water reactors, which are boiling-water and pressurized-water reactors. Both types use ordinary H2O as coolant and require enriched U ( Microsoft Encarta ) . In boiling-water reactors, chilling H2O environments fuel assemblies. The heat of atomic fission makes the H2O furuncle and the steam produced is carried off from the nucleus to the turbines. Once its work is done, the steam is condensed to H2O and it returns to the reactor ( Galperin 44 ) . The pressurized-water reactor is more normally used than the boiling-water reactor. This reactor seals the chilling H2O in a closed cringle and adds a heat-exchange system. Water in the reactor nucleus gets hot, but it does non turn to steam. The hot H2O is piped through a steam generator and converts a secondary H2O supply into steam to power the turbine. The two H2O supplies do non mix ( Galperin 45 ) . A gas-cooled reactor is similar to a pressurized-water reactor. The lone chief difference is that He or C dioxide gas replaces the H2O in the primary cringle. These reactors cost more to run and to construct, but are more energy efficient ( Galperin 46 ) . The last chief type of reactor is a breeder-reactor. This is really different so other reactors because it green goodss more fissile stuff so it consumes. A breeder reactor fuels with a combination of Pu and U. A breeder reactor would be highly utile if U was scarce. It takes approximately 10 to 60 old ages to utilize up the fuel from merely one rhythm ( Galperin 46 ) . Radiation is really strong in the atomic waste of power workss. Nuclear waste exists in several signifiers. One signifier is called high-ranking waste, and the other is called low-level waste. High-level waste is largely from the used fuel rods and other stuffs exposed to as much radiation as they are. High-level wastes can allow out really big sums of radiation for 1000s of old ages. There is no topographic point to hive away this waste that is safe, and it will ever be radioactive. But for now, they are stored in the land. Other proposed hive awaying solutions are directing it to infinite, burying it in the nucleus of the Earth, burying it in the ocean, or burying it under the Antarctic ice. Even these thoughts hold the potency of badly damaging the Earth. An illustration of low-level waste is the waste left in the reactor H2O. This waste is less radioactive, but is still really unsafe ( Galperin 65 ) . Two applied scientists in Connecticut have, non excessively long ago, caught the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) in a unsafe game of disobeying the regulations. The NRC has been on a regular basis disobeying safety regulations to allow workss maintain the cost down and stay unfastened to run ( Microsoft Encarta ) . Two senior applied scientists started oppugning after one of them had checked the specifications of the chilling system in a power works. After 18 months of operation, a atomic power works is temporarily shut down. They have to acquire rid of the used fuel rods and replace them with new 1s. The old rods are really hot and radioactive. Topographic points to hive away the old fuel R Doctor of Optometries are instead limited, particularly since the federal authorities has neer designated an functionary storage topographic point for this high-ranking waste. So where make you used fuel rods travel? Used fuel rods are kept at a fuel pool at the works until they can happen a storage topographic point for them. Fuel pools were created to maintain the fuel rods for short periods of clip. The fuel pool is non supposed to be filled to capacity. This is merely to be a last resort. In the fuel pool, a chilling system cools the used, hot, radioactive fuel rods. The more fuel rods that are stored, the more heat. This, in bend, causes more danger. If the chilling system fails, the pool could boil, turning the works into a deadly sweat room filled with radioactive steam ( Microsoft Encarta ) . George Galatis, an employee at Millstone-1 Nuclear Facility, had been look intoing specifications and realized that the studies of safety in the fuel pool had non been kept. He did some checking of his ain on this, and discovered that the works had been seting about three times as many fuel rods in the fuel pool as they were supposed to. He wanted to describe this to the NRC right off, but he knew that some atomic installations, like this one, was known to hassle and even fire employees who raised safety concerns. Therefore, he teamed up with another employee at the works, George Betancourt, and brought the issue up to the supervisors of the works. They wholly denied the job. Galatis and Betancourt so took the job to the NRC themselves and found that the NRC had been disregarding the job for over a decennary. Nuclear installation dirts have non merely been go oning late. They have been traveling on since the really beginning of atomic energy. The atomic accident of Chelyabinsk-40 is one of the earliest-known catastrophes. The Chelyabinsk-40 reactor was located near the Ural Mountains in the metropolis of Kyshtym, Russia. A armored combat vehicle keeping radioactive gases exploded, polluting land 1000s of stat mis around the works. Until 1988, Soviet union functionaries dared to acknowledge that this event even took topographic point. Many things are still unknown about this catastrophe. What we do cognize, nevertheless, is that the part around the reactor is sealed, and more than 30 towns in the country around it have disappeared from the Soviet map ( Galperin 74 ) . In a town several stat mis north of Liverpool, England, there was the atomic repossessing works called Windscale. In 1957, the works black lead moderator overheated. The temperature indexs did non acknowledge the job in clip, so a big sum of radiation escaped, polluting two 100 stat mis of countryside. This accident is said to hold caused birth defects, malignant neoplastic disease, and leukaemia in many people who were near the site ( Schneider 4 ) . In 1975, at Brown? s Ferry Nuclear Plant in Decatur, Alabama, there was another atomic accident. A care worker was look intoing air leaks with a taper. This was against ordinances and caused the works to catch on fire. A meltdown was fortunately prevented, but a worse catastrophe surely could hold happened ( Galperin 75 ) . The worst atomic accident in the United States occurred in 1979 at Three Mile Island. This reactor was located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Many of these reactors had hapless safety records and an NRC inspector suggested that they be evaluated. Despite this inspector? s suggestion, nil was done. During the cleansing of a sector of the works, one pump failed which caused the temperatures to lift in the chilling circuit. The safety devices had turned on and started to work decently. However, after they cooled the circuit, the safety devices neer turned off. They finally used all the coolant and the temperatures began to lift. A meltdown began and citizens started evacuating. It is unsure how much radiation escaped into the air from it. The works so had to be cleaned up and sealed off. Part of this procedure is still traveling on, and the estimated cost upon completion is about two billion dollars ( Stephens 174 ) . The Chernobyl atomic catastrophe in Russia was the worst accident in atomic history. It took three yearss of meltdown for the atomic works functionaries to even recognize there was a job. The job was discovered when technicians in states surrounding Russia noticed high radiation degrees and decided it was coming from Chernobyl. Explosions were hiting radiation into the air because Chernobyl was non built with a containment construction. The radiation was carried great distances by the air currents. The radiation that escaped into the ambiance was more radioactive than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Fires besides raged throughout the composite, which made it difficult to command the state of affairs. It was stated that five million people were exposed to the radioactive radioactive dust in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Predictions were made that 40,000 instances of malignant neoplastic disease are traveling to be linked straight to the Chernobyl accident ( Galperin 82 ) . Chernobyl and other accidents help make a turning opposition to atomic energy. This is because radiation illness and other harmful effects from over-exposure to radiation hold occurred. Every individual in the universe is exposed to radiation. It comes from things such as K in nutrient, Rn gases, and uranium decay. The sum of radiation one is exposed to depends on location, eating wonts, every bit good as many other things. Yet, excessively much radiation exposure is decidedly fatal. How can atomic power workss be trusted when they are more concerned with salvaging money, so protecting lives? They are go againsting safety criterions and the authorities is merely watching them do it. There are likely many other misdemeanors that are taking topographic point to allow the workss continue to run and vie as a beginning of power. If the NRC all of a sudden decided to implement all of its regulations, so a bulk of atomic power workss would hold to be shut down. What do you believe holds more importance: salvaging money, or salvaging lives? Nuclear energy shows both the glare of adult male and the lay waste toing devastation that world can cause. The potency of atomic energy has caused great exhilaration. However, the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, every bit good as the many atomic power works accidents and the many dangers of radiation, hold given the universe ground to hesitate and see the unsafe possibilities of atomic catastrophe.

Contract Law In Business

Questions: 1.Whether Mike is liable to purchase computers from the Bob? 2.Whether Bob is liable to purchase hard drives from the Tom? 3.Whether there is valid contract between Steve and Bob or not, and bob is liable to give new computer to Steve? 4.Whether Bob is liable to purchase vehicle from Marie because of form signed by Bob? Answers: 1.Offer can be terminated by rejection. In other words, offer cannot be accepted if it was once rejected by the offeree. Rejection can be done in two ways either with direct refusal or with Counter offer. Counter offer is considered as purported acceptance but in different situations. Even terms stated in counter offer is immaterial then also counter offer can be considered as rejection or new offer. For effective rejection it is necessary that it must be communicated. In case Hyde v Wrench (1840) Beav 334 we can understand this concept in more clear way (ACL, n.d.). Application: On 1st January, Bob receives offer from Mike for the purchase of computers from Bob, but on 2nd January bob make counter offer to Mike which was rejected by Mike on 3rd January. Later, on 5th January Bob accepts the offer made by Mike on 1st January and he also send computers to Mike, but Mike Reject to make the payment because he already purchased computers from somewhere else. In the present case, Mike is not bound to make the Payment because counter offer made by Bob on 2nd January is considered as rejection of offer, and once the offer is rejected then offeree cannot accept the offer. Therefore, Mike is not liable to make payment to the Bob. Conclusion: In this there is no contract between Bob and Mike because Bob already reject the offer made by Mike on 2nd January by making counter offer. Therefore, Mike is not liable towards Bob. 2.It is necessary for the effective acceptance that it must be communicated and only the mental decision to accept the offer is sufficient. Agreement is valid only when communication related to acceptance is received. Communication of Acceptance is deemed to be completed when it is given to the person who made the offer, even he did not read it. In case of letters, communication of acceptance is derived from the special rule known as postal rule, and according to this rule communication of acceptance is completed when post is send by the parties. In other words, communication is completed when letter is posted by the parties (Law teacher, n.d.). Application: On 10th January Bob Send offer Letter to Tom for purchasing hard drives from Tom, and on 12th January Tom accept the offer made by Bob by posting the letter but this letter reaches the Bob on 15th January. Later, Bob changes his mind and on 14th January sends email to Tom for the purpose of cancelling the offer made on 10th January. Tom delivers the hard drives to the Bob but he refuses to pay. In this case, postal rule is applied in case of communication of acceptance, and as per this rule communication is complete when letter is posted. Therefore, tom posted acceptance letter on 12th January and there is valid contract between the parties. Conclusion: Bob is liable to pay to Tom because there is valid agreement between the parties as offer made by bob is accepted by Tom. 3.It is not necessary that contract must be in writing, a valid agreement can be made verbally. Oral contract are also legally enforceable but it must include essential elements of the contract that are offer, acceptance, and intention of parties. A valid agreement must contain offer and acceptance, and agreement is enforceable by law when one party gives offer to other party and other party accepts that offer. It is necessary that offer must be clear, definite and complete and it is communicated to the offeree. For valid acceptance it is necessary that it must be communicated to the offeror. It is necessary that, parties to the contract must intend to create legal relations between them, and any contract which is based on social relation is not considered as valid contract because there is no legal relationship between the parties (Find law, n.d.). Application: In the present case, Steve made offer to Bob on 1st February and state that he need new computer for his travel agency. Bob accepts the offer because Steve looked after the cat of bob when bob is on holiday. Later, bob refused to give new computer to the Steve. In this case, all essential elements of the contract are present that is offer, acceptance, consideration and intention to create legal relation. Therefore, bob cannot refuse to give new computer to the Steve. Conclusion: In this case, Bob is liable towards Steve for providing new computer to Steve. 4.It is necessary for valid contract that both parties to the contract must give their free will to the contract, and this element is important for legal enforcement of the contract. In case if any mistake is identified which shows that parties agreed on different things or terms, and in case parties does not understand the contract because of different beliefs then contract may be declared void on the option of the party. Application: In this case, Bob signed the form sent by Marie for purchasing the vehicle, but this form was signed by Bob by mistake and there is absence of genuine consent. As stated above, free consent is the most important element of valid contract, and consent given by Bob is not free. Therefore, there is no contract between the Bob and Marie for purchasing the vehicle (Legal contract, n.d.). Conclusion: There is no valid agreement between the parties because there is absence of free will in the contract signed by Bob. References: ACL. Agreement. Retrieved on 22nd March 2017 from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-agreement.html#acceptance. Law Teacher. Postal Rule of Acceptance. Retrieved on 22nd March 2017 from: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/postal-rule-of-acceptance-contract-law-essay.php. Find Law. Is a verbal agreement legally binding. Retrieved on 22nd March 2017 from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5626/is-a-verbal-agreement-legally-binding.aspx. Legal Contract. Principles of contract law. Retrieved on 22nd March 2017 from: https://legalcontract.wordpress.com/2010/05/11/fundamental-principles-of-contract-law/.